Methionine oxidation is one of those subjects where the details matter more than the headlines. This page pulls together the background, the mechanisms, and the practical points readers ask about most.
Last reviewed on 2026-06-15. Where a claim depends on a specific study, the study is described rather than over-claimed.
Development took place during the 1980s at institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences, where peptide fragments of ACTH were screened for cognitive and neuroprotective effects. The compound received regulatory approval in Russia as a nasal preparation, marketed for conditions such as ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attacks, and optic nerve disorders. Registration in other countries has not followed. Most published clinical reports originate from a small number of Russian research groups, and independent replication outside that setting remains limited. The regulatory status therefore differs sharply between Russia and the rest of the world.
Laboratory work points toward modulation of neurotrophic signaling, particularly expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor in hippocampal tissue. Studies also describe effects on monoamine turnover, inflammatory mediators, and oxidative markers. These observations come mainly from animal models and cultured cells, so the causal chain in humans is not firmly established. Whether the reported molecular changes translate into measurable clinical benefit is an open question. Reviews generally present the mechanism as plausible rather than demonstrated.
Clinical evidence consists largely of small trials with modest sample sizes, often without independent replication. Reported endpoints include cognitive scores, recovery after stroke, and visual function, but study designs vary widely and few trials meet contemporary reporting standards. Systematic reviewers have noted a high risk of bias in several of these reports. No large multicenter trial conducted outside Russia has been published. The compound is therefore best described as investigational in most jurisdictions, with its clinical role still unresolved.
Stability depends heavily on physical state. Lyophilized powder held dry, cold and dark retains its content over long periods, whereas dissolved peptide begins to change within days at room temperature. The most cited degradation route is oxidation of the methionine residue, which converts the peptide to a sulfoxide form that elutes differently on chromatography. Hydrolysis of amide bonds and adsorption onto container walls contribute smaller losses. Buffers that exclude oxygen from the headspace slow the oxidation pathway, but no single condition prevents all change indefinitely.
Practical handling follows from those properties. Bulk material is best divided into single-use portions soon after receipt, because each thaw exposes the whole container to moisture and temperature cycling. Vials should be allowed to reach room temperature before opening to prevent condensation on the powder. Low-binding plasticware reduces loss of dilute solutions, and sterile filtration is used when a preparation must remain free of microbial growth. Records of batch number, reconstitution date and storage history are what allow a later analytical result to be interpreted meaningfully.
Identity and purity of Semax are established mainly by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The chromatographic trace gives a purity estimate as a percentage of total peak area, while electrospray or matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization confirms the molecular mass against the calculated value. Amino acid analysis and sequence-specific fragmentation provide further confirmation when a supplier's chain of custody is unclear. Vendors frequently quote a purity figure without stating the detection wavelength or the integration method, which limits how far one number can be compared with another.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Sequence | Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro | Heptapeptide; ACTH(4-10) analog extended at C-terminus |
| Molecular mass | ~813.9 Da | Free peptide, unmodified |
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Typical lyophilized solid |
| Solubility | Soluble in water and saline | Also soluble in common aqueous buffers |
| Storage (solid) | -20 °C, desiccated | Protect from moisture and repeated thawing |
Regulatory status varies sharply by country. Semax is registered for medical use in Russia, where it appears in formularies as a nasal solution, and it also holds registration in a small number of neighbouring states. It has no approval from the United States Food and Drug Administration or the European Medicines Agency, and it is not a scheduled controlled substance in most jurisdictions. Elsewhere it circulates mainly as laboratory material, so purity documentation comes from suppliers rather than from a national pharmacopoeia.
Semax is a synthetic peptide created in the Soviet Union during the early 1980s by researchers working in Moscow. It was built from the short adrenocorticotropic hormone fragment known as ACTH(4-10), and the chain was then extended with three additional amino acids. The resulting molecule was named semax and entered clinical use in Russia in 1994. It is generally described as a nootropic and neuroprotective agent rather than as a hormone analogue.
The parent fragment ACTH(4-10) carries the sequence Met-Glu-His-Phe-Arg-Trp-Gly. Semax replaces the arginine and tryptophan positions with a proline-glycine-proline tail, giving Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro. That change removes residues associated with adrenal stimulation, so the peptide does not drive cortisol release the way full ACTH does. This distinction shapes how the compound is grouped in the literature, where it sits with neuropeptides and peptide neuromodulators rather than with corticosteroids.
稳定性主要由水解与氧化两条路径支配。肽键在中性或弱酸性条件下相对稳定，遇到强碱或长时间高温则明显断裂；甲硫氨酸侧链容易被氧化成亚砜，使主峰前移并拉低实际含量。金属离子、光照和反复冻融会进一步促进降解或聚集。冻干粉在低温避光条件下可存放较长时间，配制后的水溶液通常需要冷藏并尽快用完。
纯度评估以反相高效液相色谱为主，通过主峰面积百分比给出粗略结果，再配合电喷雾质谱核对分子量。氨基酸分析可验证组成比例，手性色谱或毛细管电泳用于检查残基构型。常见杂质包括缺失序列的短肽、氧化产物与二聚体。由于多数市售品不附带完整检验报告，独立第三方检测常被用来核实标称值。
== ISO 9000 – ISO 9999 == ISO 9000:2015 Quality management systems – Fundamentals and vocabulary ISO 9001:2015 Quality management systems – Requirements ISO/TS 9002:2016 Quality management systems – Guidelines for the application of ISO 9001:2015 ISO 9004:2018 Managing for the sustained success of an organization – A quality management approach ISO/TR 9007:1987 Information processing systems - Concepts and terminology for the conceptual schema and the information base ISO 9019:1995 Securities – Numbering of certificates ISO 9022 Optics and optical instruments - Environmental test methods ISO 9022-1:2016 Definitions, extent of testing ISO 9022-2:2015 Cold, heat and humidity ISO 9022-3:2015 Mechanical stress ISO 9022-4:2014 Salt mist ISO 9022-5:1994 Combined cold, low air pressure [Withdrawn: replaced by ISO 9022-23:2016] ISO 9022-6:2015 Dust ISO 9022-23:2016 Low pressure combined with cold, ambient temperature and dry or damp heat ISO 9031:1987 Air cargo equipment - Handling systems for unit load devices (ULDs) - Symbols for pictorial representation ISO 9036:1987 Information processing - Arabic 7-bit coded character set for information interchange ISO/IEC 9040:1997 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Virtual Terminal Basic Class Service ISO/IEC 9041 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Virtual Terminal Basic Class Protocol ISO/IEC 9041-1:1997 Part 1: Specification ISO/IEC 9041-2:1997 Part 2: Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS) proforma ISO 9045:1990 Industrial screens and screening – Vocabulary ISO 9050 Glass in building – Determination of light transmittance, solar direct transmittance, total solar energy transmittance, ultraviolet transmittance and related glazing factors ISO 9060: Solar energy -- Specification and classification of instruments for measuring hemispherical solar and direct solar radiation ISO/IEC 9066 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Reliable Transfer ISO/IEC 9066-1:1989 Part 1: Model and service definition ISO/IEC 9066-2:1989 Part 2: Protocol specification ISO/IEC 9066-3:1996 Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS) proforma ISO 9069:1988 Information processing – SGML support facilities – SGML Document Interchange Format (SDIF) ISO/IEC 9070:1991 Information technology - SGML support facilities - Registration procedures for public text owner identifiers ISO/IEC 9072 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Remote Operations ISO/IEC 9072-1:1989 Part 1: Model, notation and service definition ISO/IEC 9072-2:1989 Part 2: Protocol specification ISO/IEC 9072-3:1996 Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS) proforma ISO/IEC 9075 Information technology – Database languages – SQL ISO 9086 Wood – Methods of physical and mechanical testing – Vocabulary ISO 9086-1:1987 Part 1: General concepts and macrostructure ISO 9092:2011 Textiles – Nonwovens – Definition ISO 9095:1990 Steel tubes – Continuous character marking and colour coding for material identification ISO 9123:2001 Measurement of liquid flow in open channels – Stage-fall-discharge relationships ISO/IEC 9126 Software engineering – Product quality ISO 9128:2006 Road vehicles - Graphical symbols to designate brake fluid types ISO 9141 Road vehicles – Diagnostic systems ISO 9141-2 CARB requirements for interchange of digital information ISO 9141-3 Verification of the communication between vehicle and OBD II scan tool ISO 9144:1991 Securities – Optical character recognition line – Position and structure ISO 9160:1988 Information processing - Data encipherment - Physical layer interoperability requirements ISO 9170 Terminal units for medical gas pipeline systems ISO 9170-1:2017 Part 1: Terminal units for use with compressed medical gases and vacuum ISO 9170-2:2008 Part 2: Terminal units for anaesthetic gas scavenging systems ISO/IEC 9171 Information technology - 130 mm optical disk cartridge, write once, for information interchange ISO/IEC 9171-1:1990 Part 1: Unrecorded optical disk cartridge ISO/IEC 9171-2:1990 Part 2: Recording format ISO 9175 Tubular tips for hand-held technical pens using India ink on tracing paper ISO 9175-1:1988 Part 1: Definitions, dimensions, designation and marking ISO 9177 Mechanical pencils for technical drawings ISO 9177-1:2016 Part 1: Classification, dimensions, performance requirements and testing ISO 9177-2:1989 Part 2: Black leads – Classification and dimensions ISO 9177-3:1994 Part 3: Black leads – Bending strengths of HB leads ISO 9180:1988 Black leads for wood-cased pencils – Classification and diameters ISO 9186 Graphical symbols - Test methods ISO 9186-1:2014 Part 1: Method for testing comprehensibility ISO 9186-2:2008 Part 2: Method for testing perceptual quality ISO 9186-3:2014 Part 3: Method for testing symbol referent association ISO 9187 Injection equipment for medical use ISO 9187-1:2010 Part 1: Ampoules for injectables ISO 9187-2:2010 Part 2: One-point-cut (OPC) ampoules ISO 9195:1992 Liquid flow measurement in open channels – Sampling and analysis of gravel-bed material ISO 9196:1992 Liquid flow measurement in open channels – Flow measurements under ice conditions ISO 9211 Optics and photonics - Optical coatings ISO 9211-1:2010 Part 1: Definitions ISO/TR 9212:2015 Hydrometry – Methods of measurement of bedload discharge ISO 9222 Technical drawings – Seals for dynamic application ISO 9222-1:1989 Part 1: General simplified representation ISO 9222-2:1989 Part 2: Detailed simplified representation ISO 9223 Corrosion of metals and alloys - Corrosivity of atmospheres - Classification, determination and estimation ISO 9224 Corrosion of metals and alloys - Corrosivity of atmospheres - Guiding values for the corrosivity categories ISO 9225 Corrosion of metals and alloys - Corrosivity of atmospheres - Measurement of environmental parameters affecting corrosivity of atmospheres ISO 9226 Corrosion of metals and alloys - Corrosivity of atmospheres - Determination of corrosion rate of standard specimens for the evaluation of corrosivity ISO 9227:2017 Corrosion tests in artificial atmospheres – Salt spray tests ISO 9229:2007 Thermal insulation - Vocabulary ISO 9230:2007 Information and documentation - Determination of price indexes for print and electronic media purchased by libraries ISO 9232:2003 Yogurt – Identification of characteristic microorganisms (Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus) ISO 9235:2013 Aromatic natural raw materials – Vocabulary ISO 9241 Ergonomics of human-system interaction ISO 9244:2008 Earth-moving machinery - Machine safety labels - General principles ISO 9245:1991 Earth-moving machinery – Machine productivity – Vocabulary, symbols and units ISO 9247:1990 Earth-moving machinery – Electrical wires and cables – Principles of identification and marking ISO/TS 9250 Earth-moving machinery – Multilingual listing of equivalent terms ISO/TS 9250-1:2012 Part 1: General ISO/TS 9250-2:2012 Part 2: Performance and dimensions ISO 9251:1987 Thermal insulation - Heat transfer conditions and properties of materials - Vocabulary ISO 9264:1988 Woodworking machines – Narrow belt sanding machines with sliding table or frame – Nomenclature ISO 9265:1988 Woodworking machines – Multi-spindle boring machines – Nomenclature ISO 9266:1988 Woodworking machines – Universal tool and cutter sharpeners – Nomenclature ISO 9267:1988 Woodworking machines – Bandsaw blade sharpening machines – Nomenclature ISO 9268:1988 Implants for surgery – Metal bone screws with conical under-surface of head – Dimensions ISO 9269:1988 Implants for surgery – Metal bone plates – Holes and slots corresponding to screws with conical under-surface ISO/IEC 9281 Information technology - Picture coding methods ISO/IEC 9281-1:1990 Part 1: Identification ISO/IEC 9281-2:1990 Part 2: Procedure for registration ISO/IEC 9282 Information processing - Coded representation of pictures ISO/IEC 9282-1:1988 Part 1: Encoding principles for picture representation in a 7-bit or 8-bit environment ISO 9288:1989 Thermal insulation – Heat transfer by radiation – Physical quantities and definitions ISO/IEC 9293:1994 Information technology – Volume and file structure of disk cartridges for information interchange ISO 9295:2015 Acoustics - Determination of high-frequency sound power levels emitted by machinery and equipment ISO 9296:2017 Acoustics - Declared noise emission values of information technology and telecommunications equipment ISO 9300:2005 Measurement of gas flow by means of critical flow Venturi nozzles ISO 9308 Water quality – Enumeration of Escherichia coli and coliform bacteria ISO 9308-1:2014 Part 1: Membrane filtration method for waters with low bacterial background flora ISO 9308-2:2012 Part 2: Most probable number method ISO 9308-3:1998 Part 3: Miniaturized method (Most Probable Number) for the detection and enumeration of E. coli in surface and waste water ISO 9314 Information processing systems Fibre Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) ISO 9314-1:1989 Part 1: Token Ring Physical Layer Protocol (PHY) ISO 9314-2:1989 Part 2: Token Ring Media Access Control (MAC) ISO/IEC 9314-3:1990 Part 3: Physical Layer Medium Dependent (PMD) ISO/IEC 9314-4:1999 Part 4: Single Mode Fibre Physical Layer Medium Dependent (SMF-PMD) ISO/IEC 9314-5:1995 Part 5: Hybrid Ring Control (HRC) ISO/IEC 9314-6:1998 Part 6: Station Management (SMT) ISO/IEC 9314-7:1998 Part 7: Physical layer Protocol (PHY-2) ISO/IEC 9314-8:1998 Part 8: Media Access Control-2 (MAC-2) ISO/IEC 9314-9:2000 Part 9: Low-cost fibre physical layer medium dependent (LCF-PMD) ISO/IEC 9314-13:1998 Part 13: Conformance Test Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (CT-PICS) Proforma ISO/IEC 9314-20:2001 Part 20: Abstract test suite for FDDI physical medium dependent conformance testing (FDDI PMD ATS) ISO/IEC 9314-21:2000 Part 21: Abstract test suite for FDDI physical layer protocol conformance testing (FDDI PHY ATS) ISO/IEC 9314-25:1998 Part 25: Abstract test suite for FDDI - Station Management Conformance Testing (SMT-ATS) ISO/IEC 9314-26:2001 Part 26: Media Access Control Conformance Testing (MAC-ATS) ISO 9315:1989 Information processing systems - Interface between flexible disk cartridge drives and their host controllers ISO/IEC 9316:1995 Information technology - Small Computer System Interface-2 ISO/IEC 9316-2:2000 Information technology - Small computer system interface-2 (SCSI-2) - Part 2: Common Access Method (CAM) Transport and SCSI interface module ISO/IEC 9318 Information technology - Intelligent Peripheral Interface ISO/IEC 9318-2:1990 Part 2: Device specific command set for magnetic disk drives ISO/IEC 9318-3:1990 Part 3: Device generic command set for magnetic and optical disk drives ISO/IEC 9318-4:2002 Part 4: Device generic command set for magnetic tape drives (IPI-3 tape) ISO 9334:2012 Optics and photonics - Optical transfer function - Definitions and mathematical relationships ISO 9335:2012 Optics and photonics - Optical transfer function - Principles and procedures of measurement ISO 9342 Optics and optical instruments – Test lenses for calibration of focimeters ISO 9342-1:2005 Part 1: Test lenses for focimeters used for measuring spectacle lenses ISO 9342-2:2005 Part 2: Test lenses for focimeters used for measuring contact lenses ISO 9346:2007 Hygrothermal performance of buildings and building materials – Physical quantities for mass transfer – Vocabulary ISO 9360 Anaesthetic and respiratory equipment – Heat and moisture exchangers (HMEs) for humidifying respired gases in humans ISO 9360-1:2000 Part 1: HMEs for use with minimum tidal volumes of 250 ml ISO 9360-2:2001 Part 2: HMEs for use with tracheostomized patients having minimum tidal volumes of 250 ml ISO 9362:2014 Banking – Banking telecommunication messages – Business identifier code (BIC) ISO 9368 Measurement of liquid flow in closed conduits by the weighing method – Procedures for checking installations ISO 9368-1:1990 Part 1: Static weighing systems ISO 9394:2012 Ophthalmic optics – Contact lenses and contact lens care products – Determination of biocompatibility by ocular study with rabbit eyes ISO 9407 Shoe sizes – Mondopoint system of sizing and marking ISO 9431:1990 Construction drawings – Spaces for drawing and for text, and title blocks on drawing sheets ISO/TR 9464:2008 Guidelines for the use of ISO 5167:2003 ISO 9488:1999 Solar energy - Vocabulary ISO 9493:2010 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) – Dimensional measuring equipment: Dial test indicators (lever type) – Design and metrological characteristics ISO/IEC 9496:2003 CHILL - The ITU-T programming language ISO 9506 Industrial automation systems - Manufacturing Message Specification ISO/IEC 9529 Information processing systems - Data interchange on 90 mm (3,5 in) flexible disk cartridges using modified frequency modulation recording at 15 916 ftprad, on 80 tracks on each side ISO/IEC 9541 Information technology – Font information interchange ISO/IEC 9541-1:2012 Part 1: Architecture ISO/IEC 9541-2:2012 Part 2: Interchange Format ISO/IEC 9541-3:2012 Part 3: Glyph shape representation ISO/IEC 9541-4:2009 Part 4: Harmonization to Open Font Format ISO 9542:1988 Information processing systems – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – End system to Intermediate system routeing exchange protocol for use in conjunction with the Protocol for providing the connectionless-mode network service (ISO 8473) ISO 9543:1989 Information processing systems – Information exchange between systems – Synchronous transmission signal quality at DTE/DCE interfaces ISO/IEC 9545:1994 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Application Layer structure ISO/TR 9547:1988 Programming language processors - Test methods - Guidelines for their development and acceptability ISO/IEC 9548 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Connectionless Session protocol ISO/IEC 9548-1:1996 Protocol specification ISO/IEC 9548-2:1995 Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS) proforma ISO/IEC 9549:1990 Information technology – Galvanic isolation of balanced interchange circuit ISO 9555 Measurement of liquid flow in open channels – Tracer dilution methods for the measurement of steady flow ISO 9555-1:1994 Part 1: General ISO 9555-3:1992 Part 3: Chemical tracers ISO 9555-4:1992 Part 4: Fluorescent tracers ISO 9564 Financial services – Personal Identification Number (PIN) management and security ISO 9568:1993 Cinematography – Background acoustic noise levels in theatres, review rooms and dubbing rooms ISO/IEC TR 9573:1988 Information processing - SGML support facilities - Techniques for using SGML ISO/IEC TR 9573-11:2004 Part 11: Structure descriptions and style specifications for standards document interchange ISO/IEC TR 9573-13:1991 Part 13: Public entity sets for mathematics and science ISO/IEC 9574:1992 Information technology – Provision of the OSI connection-mode network service by packet mode terminal equipment to an integrated services digital network (ISDN) ISO/IEC TR 9575:1995 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – OSI Routeing Framework ISO/IEC 9576 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Connectionless Presentation protocol ISO/IEC 9576-1:1995 Protocol specification ISO/IEC 9576-2:1995 Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS) proforma ISO/IEC TR 9577:1999 Information technology – Protocol identification in the network layer ISO/IEC TR 9578:1990 Information technology – Communication interface connectors used in local area networks ISO/IEC 9579:2000 Information technology – Remote database access for SQL with security enhancement ISO 9583:1993 Implants for surgery – Non-destructive testing – Liquid penetrant inspection of metallic surgical implants ISO 9584:1993 Implants for surgery – Non-destructive testing – Radiographic examination of cast metallic surgical implants ISO 9585:1990 Implants for surgery – Determination of bending strength and stiffness of bone plates ISO/IEC 9592 Information technology – Computer graphics and image processing – Programmer's Hierarchical Interactive Graphics System (PHIGS) ISO/IEC 9593 Information technology – Computer graphics – Programmer's Hierarchical Interactive Graphics System (PHIGS) language bindings ISO/IEC 9594 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – The Directory ISO/IEC 9594-1:2017 Part 1: Overview of concepts, models and services ISO/IEC 9594-2:2017 Part 2: Models ISO/IEC 9594-3:2017 Part 3: Abstract service definition ISO/IEC 9594-4:2017 Part 4: Procedures for distributed operation ISO/IEC 9594-5:2017 Part 5: Protocol specifications ISO/IEC 9594-6:2017 Part 6: Selected attribute types ISO/IEC 9594-7:2017 Part 7: Selected object classes ISO/IEC 9594-8:2017 Part 8: Public-key and attribute certificate frameworks ISO/IEC 9594-9:2017 Part 9: Replication ISO/IEC 9595:1998 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Common management information service ISO/IEC 9596 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Common management information protocol ISO/IEC 9596-1:1998 Part 1: Specification ISO/IEC 9596-2:1993 Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS) proforma ISO 9611:1996 Acoustics – Characterization of sources of structure-borne sound with respect to sound radiation from connected structures – Measurement of velocity at the contact points of machinery when resiliently mounted ISO 9613 Acoustics – Attenuation of sound during propagation outdoors ISO 9613-1:1993 Part 1: Calculation of the absorption of sound by the atmosphere ISO 9613-2:1996 Part 2: General method of calculation ISO 9614 Acoustics – Determination of sound power levels of noise sources using sound intensity ISO 9614-1:1993 Part 1: Measurement at discrete points ISO 9614-2:1996 Part 2: Measurement by scanning ISO 9614-3:2002 Part 3: Precision method for measurement by scanning ISO 9626:2016 Stainless steel needle tubing for the manufacture of medical devices – Requirements and test methods ISO/IEC 9636 Information technology - Computer graphics - Interfacing techniques for dialogues with graphical devices (CGI) - Functional specification ISO/IEC 9636-1:1991 Part 1: Overview, profiles, and conformance ISO/IEC 9636-2:1991 Part 2: Control ISO/IEC 9636-3:1991 Part 3: Output ISO/IEC 9636-4:1991 Part 4: Segments ISO/IEC 9636-5:1991 Part 5: Input and echoing ISO/IEC 9636-6:1991 Part 6: Raster ISO/IEC 9637 Information technology - Computer graphics - Interfacing techniques for dialogues with graphical devices (CGI) – Data stream binding ISO/IEC 9637-1:1994 Part 1: Character encoding ISO/IEC 9637-2:1992 Part 2: Binary encoding ISO/IEC 9638 Information technology - Computer graphics - Interfacing techniques for dialogues with graphical devices (CGI) - Language bindings ISO/IEC 9638-3:1994 Part 3: Ada ISO 9645:1990 Acoustics – Measurement of noise emitted by two-wheeled mopeds in motion – Engineering method ISO/IEC 9646 Information technology—Open Systems Interconnection—Conformance testing methodology and framework ISO/IEC 9646-1:1994 Part 1: General concepts ISO/IEC 9646-2:1994 Part 2: Abstract Test Suite specification ISO/IEC 9646-3:1998 Part 3: The Tree and Tabular Combined Notation (TTCN) ISO/IEC 9646-4:1994 Part 4: Test realization ISO/IEC 9646-5:1994 Part 5: Requirements on test laboratories and clients for the conformance assessment process ISO/IEC 9646-6:1994 Part 6: Protocol profile test specification ISO/IEC 9646-7:1995 Part 7: Implementation Conformance Statements ISO 9660:1988 Information processing – Volume and file structure of CD-ROM for information interchange ISO/IEC 9661:1994 Information technology – Data interchange on 12,7 mm wide magnetic tape cartridges – 18 tracks, 1 491 data bytes per millimetre ISO 9662:1994 Aircraft equipment - Environmental and operating conditions for airborne equipment - Humidity, temperature and pressure tests ISO 9668:1990 Pulps — Determination of magnesium content — Flame atomic absorption spectrometric method [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 12830] ISO 9687:2015 Dentistry - Graphical symbols for dental equipment ISO 9688:1990 Mechanical vibration and shock – Analytical methods of assessing shock resistance of mechanical systems – Information exchange between suppliers and users of analyses ISO 9696:2007 Water quality - Measurement of gross alpha activity in non-saline water - Thick source method ISO 9706:1994 Information and documentation – Paper for documents – Requirements for permanence ISO 9707:2008 Information and documentation - Statistics on the production and distribution of books, newspapers, periodicals and electronic publications ISO 9712:2012 Non-destructive testing - Qualification and certification of NDT personnel ISO 9713:2002 Neurosurgical implants – Self-closing intracranial aneurysm clips ISO 9714 Orthopaedic drilling instruments ISO 9714-1:2012 Part 1: Drill bits, taps and countersink cutters ISO 9735:1988 Electronic data interchange for administration, commerce and transport (EDIFACT) – Application level syntax rules (Syntax version number: 4, Syntax release number: 2) ISO 9735-1:2002 Part 1: Syntax rules common to all parts ISO 9735-2:2002 Part 2: Syntax rules specific to batch EDI ISO 9735-3:2002 Part 3: Syntax rules specific to interactive EDI ISO 9735-4:2002 Part 4: Syntax and service report message for batch EDI (message type – CONTRL) ISO 9735-5:2002 Part 5: Security rules for batch EDI (authenticity, integrity and non-repudiation of origin) ISO 9735-6:2002 Part 6: Secure authentication and acknowledgement message (message type – AUTACK) ISO 9735-7:2002 Part 7: Security rules for batch EDI (confidentiality) ISO 9735-8:2002 Part 8: Associated data in EDI ISO 9735-9:2002 Part 9: Security key and certificate management message (message type – KEYMAN) ISO 9735-10:2014 Part 10: Syntax service directories ISO/IEC 9796 Information technology – Security techniques – Digital signature schemes giving message recovery ISO/IEC 9796-2:2010 Part 2: Integer factorization based mechanisms ISO/IEC 9796-3:2006 Part 3: Discrete logarithm based mechanisms ISO/IEC 9797 Information technology – Security techniques – Message Authentication Codes (MACs) ISO/IEC 9797-1:2011 Part 1: Mechanisms using a block cipher ISO/IEC 9797-2:2011 Part 2: Mechanisms using a dedicated hash-function ISO/IEC 9797-3:2011 Part 3: Mechanisms using a universal hash-function ISO/IEC 9798 Information technology – Security techniques – Entity authentication ISO/IEC 9798-1:2010 Part 1: General ISO/IEC 9798-2:2008 Part 2: Mechanisms using symmetric encipherment algorithms ISO/IEC 9798-3:1998 Part 3: Mechanisms using digital signature ISO/IEC 9798-4:1999 Part 4: Mechanisms using a cryptographic check function ISO/IEC 9798-5:2009 Part 5: Mechanisms using zero-knowledge techniques ISO/IEC 9798-6:2010 Part 6: Mechanisms using manual data transfer ISO 9801:2009 Ophthalmic instruments – Trial case lenses ISO 9802:1996 Raw optical glass – Vocabulary ISO/IEC 9804:1998 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Service definition for the Commitment, Concurrency and Recovery service element ISO/IEC 9805 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Protocol for the Commitment, Concurrency and Recovery service element ISO/IEC 9805-1:1998 Protocol specification ISO/IEC 9805-2:1996 Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS) proforma ISO/TR 9824:2007 Hydrometry – Measurement of free surface flow in closed conduits ISO 9825:2005 Hydrometry – Field measurement of discharge in large rivers and rivers in flood ISO 9826:1992 Measurement of liquid flow in open channels – Parshall and SANIIRI flumes ISO 9827:1994 Measurement of liquid flow in open channels by weirs and flumes – Streamlined triangular profile weirs ISO/IEC 9834 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Procedures for the operation of OSI Registration Authorities ISO/IEC 9834-1:2012 General procedures and top arcs of the international object identifier tree ISO/IEC 9834-2:1993 Part 2: Registration procedures for OSI document types ISO/IEC 9834-3:2008 Registration of Object Identifier arcs beneath the top-level arc jointly administered by ISO and ITU-T ISO/IEC 9834-4:1991 Part 4: Register of VTE Profiles ISO/IEC 9834-5:1991 Part 5: Register of VT Control Object Definitions ISO/IEC 9834-6:2005 Registration of application processes and application entities ISO/IEC 9834-7:2008 Joint ISO and ITU-T Registration of International Organizations ISO/IEC 9834-8:2014 Part 8: Generation of universally unique identifiers (UUIDs) and their use in object identifiers ISO/IEC 9834-9:2008 Registration of object identifier arcs for applications and services using tag-based identification ISO 9846 Solar energy -- Calibration of a pyranometer using a pyrheliometer ISO 9847 Solar energy -- Calibration of field pyranometers by comparison to a reference pyranometer ISO 9849:2017 Optics and optical instruments - Geodetic and surveying instruments - Vocabulary ISO 9851:1990 Continuous mechanical handling equipment – Overhead electrical monorail conveyors – Definitions and safety rules ISO 9869 Thermal insulation – Building elements – In-situ measurements of thermal resistance and thermal transmittance ISO 9873:2017 Dentistry - Intra-oral mirrors ISO 9878:1990 Micrographics - Graphical symbols for use in microfilming ISO 9897:1997 Freight containers - Container equipment data exchange (CEDEX) - General communication codes ISO/IEC 9899:2018 Programming languages – C ISO 9902 Textile machinery – Noise test code ISO 9902-1:2001 Part 1: Common requirements ISO 9902-2:2001 Part 2: Spinning preparatory and spinning machinery ISO 9902-3:2001 Part 3: Nonwoven machinery ISO 9902-4:2001 Part 4: Yarn processing, cordage and rope manufacturing machinery ISO 9902-5:2001 Part 5: Weaving and knitting preparatory machinery ISO 9902-6:2001 Part 6: Fabric manufacturing machinery ISO 9902-7:2001 Part 7: Dyeing and finishing machinery ISO 9926 Cranes – Training of operators ISO 9926-1:1990 Part 1: General ISO 9926-3:2016 Part 3: Tower cranes ISO/IEC/IEEE 9945:2009 Information technology – Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX®) Base Specifications, Issue 7 ISO 9947:2005 Textile machinery and accessories – Two-for-one twisters – Vocabulary ISO 9949 Urine absorbing aids - Vocabulary ISO 9949-1:1993 Part 1: Conditions of urinary incontinence ISO 9949-2:1993 Part 2: Products ISO 9949-3:1993 Part 3: Identification of product types ISO 9951:1993 Measurement of gas flow in closed conduits – Turbine meters ISO 9957 Fluid draughting media ISO 9957-1:1992 Part 1: Water-based India ink – Requirements and test conditions ISO 9957-2:1995 Part 2: Water-based non-India ink – Requirements and test conditions ISO 9957-3:1997 Part 3: Water-based coloured draughting inks – Requirements and test conditions ISO 9958 Draughting media for technical drawings – Draughting film with polyester base ISO 9958-1:1992 Part 1: Requirements and marking ISO 9958-2:1992 Part 2: Determination of properties ISO 9959 Numerically controlled draughting machines – Drawing test for the evaluation of performance ISO 9959-1:1992 Part 1: Vector plotters ISO 9960 Draughting instruments with or without graduation ISO 9960-1:1992 Part 1: Draughting scale rules ISO 9961:1992 Draughting media for technical drawings – Natural tracing paper ISO 9962 Manually operated draughting machines ISO 9962-1:1992 Part 1: Definitions, classification and designation ISO 9962-2:1992 Part 2: Characteristics, performance, inspection and marking ISO/IEC 9973:2013 Information technology - Computer graphics, image processing and environmental data representation - Procedures for registration of items ISO 9984:1996 Information and documentation – Transliteration of Georgian characters into Latin characters ISO 9985:1996 Information and documentation – Transliteration of Armenian characters into Latin characters ISO 9992 Financial transaction cards – Messages between the integrated circuit card and the card accepting device ISO/IEC 9995 Information technology – Keyboard layouts for text and office systems ISO 9997:1999 Dental cartridge syringes ISO 9999 Assistive products for persons with disability – Classification and terminology
==== Sweden ==== The Swedish Riksdag added 4-HO-MET to Schedule I ("substances, plant materials and fungi which normally do not have medical use") as narcotics in Sweden as of May 1, 2012, published by Medical Products Agency in their regulation LVFS 2012:6.
==== Soil preparation ==== In tropical cultivation, soil erosion is a major problem, requiring soil treatment to be as shallow as possible. Plowing is required only for high planting densities. In low planting densities, digging pits and refilling them with soil is preferable to ensure good root system penetration without causing too much land erosion. Optimal pits are 30–50 cm (12–20 in) deep and 20–40 cm (8–15+1⁄2 in) wide.
Luminol in an alkaline solution with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of iron or copper, or an auxiliary oxidant, produces 3-aminophtalate in an excited state, which exhibits chemiluminescence. The luminol reaction is
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
The quantum theory clarified the transition metals and lanthanides as forming their own separate groups, transitional between the main groups, although some chemists had already proposed tables showing them this way before then: the English chemist Henry Bassett did so in 1892, the Danish chemist Julius Thomsen in 1895, and the Swiss chemist Alfred Werner in 1905. Bohr used Thomsen's form in his 1922 Nobel Lecture; Werner's form is very similar to the modern 32-column form. In particular, this supplanted Brauner's asteroidal hypothesis. The exact position of the lanthanides, and thus the composition of group 3, remained under dispute for decades longer because their electron configurations were initially measured incorrectly. On chemical grounds Bassett, Werner, and Bury grouped scandium and yttrium with lutetium rather than lanthanum (the former two left an empty space below yttrium as lutetium had not yet been discovered). Hund assumed in 1927 that all the lanthanide atoms had configuration [Xe]4f0–145d16s2, on account of their prevailing trivalency. It is now known that the relationship between chemistry and electron configuration is more complicated than that. Early spectroscopic evidence seemed to confirm these configurations, and thus the periodic table was structured to have group 3 as scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, and actinium, with fourteen f-elements breaking up the d-block between lanthanum and hafnium.
== History == Although food engineering is a relatively recent and evolving field of study, it is based on long-established concepts and activities. The traditional focus of food engineering was preservation, which involved stabilizing and sterilizing foods, preventing spoilage, and preserving nutrients in food for prolonged periods of time. More specific traditional activities include food dehydration and concentration, protective packaging, canning and freeze-drying . The development of food technologies was greatly influenced and urged by wars and long voyages, including space missions, where long-lasting and nutritious foods were essential for survival. Other ancient activities include milling, storage, and fermentation processes. Although several traditional activities remain of concern and form the basis of today’s technologies and innovations, the focus of food engineering has recently shifted to food quality, safety, taste, health and sustainability.
=== Applications === Mestanolone is used in the chemical synthesis of Methyl-1-testosterone, which in-turn is used to make oxandrolone. Mestanolone is also used to make Oxymesterone, Methyldiazirinol & Furazabol. Another use is in the synthesis of Oxymetholone, a compound which itself finds use in the synthesis of stanozolol, Cyanostane, Androisoxazole & Methasterone.
== Principle == In the case of M13 filamentous phage display, the DNA encoding the protein of interest is inserted into the gene encoding either the minor (pIII) or the major (pVIII) coat protein. The modified coat protein gene and the rest of the phage genome is then introduced into E. coli bacteria, which produce phage virions with the relevant protein fragment as part of their outer coat phage and the DNA encoding for these proteins packaged inside the phage. The phages can then be selected using e.g. DNA or protein molecules immobilized on the surface of a microplate. Specifically, phages that display proteins that binds to those targets will remain attached, while others will be removed by washing. Those that remain can be eluted and amplified by bacterial infection. The repeated cycling of selection, elution and amplification is sometimes referred to as 'panning', in reference to the enrichment of a sample of gold by removing undesirable materials. Phage eluted in the final step can be sequenced to identify the selected proteins. During amplification step, additional mutations may be introduced into the genes encoding the proteins of interest, enabling a directed evolution protocol. Elution can be done combining low-pH elution buffer with sonification, which, in addition to loosening the peptide-target interaction, also serves to detach the target molecule from the immobilization surface. This ultrasound-based method enables single-step selection of a high-affinity peptide.
Avogadro number The number of discrete constituent particles in one mole of a substance, defined as exactly 6.02214076×1023. This dimensionless number differs from the Avogadro constant in that it has no unit.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Semax is a synthetic seven-amino-acid peptide derived from a fragment of corticotropin. It is used in Russia as a nasal preparation, while elsewhere it is studied as a research compound. It is not approved as a medicine in most countries.
Its sequence corresponds to the 4-10 region of corticotropin extended by three residues. This fragment lacks the region responsible for adrenal steroid release, so it is explored for neural rather than hormonal effects. The relationship explains the compound's classification among ACTH-derived peptides.
It holds approval in Russia for several neurological indications as a nasal spray or drop formulation. Regulatory agencies in the United States and the European Union have not approved it. Products sold elsewhere are generally labeled for research use only.
Suppliers normally quote a percentage of total chromatographic peak area, most often from reversed-phase HPLC. That figure says nothing about what the remaining percentage contains, and it depends on the detection wavelength used. A mass spectrometry result is a separate and stronger check on identity.